> For the complete documentation index, see [llms.txt](https://docs.nuvolos.com/llms.txt). Markdown versions of documentation pages are available by appending `.md` to page URLs; this page is available as [Markdown](https://docs.nuvolos.com/how-to-guides/application-specific-guides/invelab/modules/portfolio-analysis.md).

# Portfolio analysis

### Volatility risk contribution & ES risk contribution

Plot the asset contribution by the corresponding risk. Please refer to the [Frontiers module](/how-to-guides/application-specific-guides/invelab/modules/frontiers.md) for detailed calculation functions.

### Turnover

Calculates the total weight (position) changes over each period and then cumulates it as the total turnover plot.

### Transaction cost

A percentage of the turnover. By setting this value, the user can save a new portfolio return series to include the transaction cost.

### Default loss

This is used for portfolios with an unbalanced dataset. It is possible that the invested assets are missing the next period return. In such a case, we ascribe a default loss to this asset. The user can set the default loss value here.